The esophagus plays a vital role in digestion by carrying food from the mouth to the stomach. When it doesn’t function properly, even simple activities like eating or swallowing can become uncomfortable or painful. Esophageal disorders are more common than many people realize and often go undiagnosed until symptoms worsen.
Common Esophageal Disorders
1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
GERD occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, irritating its lining.
Symptoms: Heartburn, sour taste in the mouth, chest discomfort, chronic cough.
Causes: Weak lower esophageal sphincter, obesity, certain foods, smoking.
2. Achalasia
A rare condition where the esophagus cannot move food toward the stomach properly.
Symptoms: Difficulty swallowing, regurgitation of food, chest pain, weight loss.
Cause: Damage to the nerves controlling esophageal muscles.
3. Barrett’s Esophagus
A condition where the esophageal lining changes due to long-term acid exposure.
Why it matters: It increases the risk of esophageal cancer and requires regular monitoring.
4. Esophageal Strictures
Narrowing of the esophagus caused by chronic inflammation or scarring.
Symptoms: Food getting stuck, pain while swallowing.
How Are Esophageal Disorders Diagnosed?
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Upper GI endoscopy
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Barium swallow test
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Esophageal manometry
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pH monitoring for acid reflux
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the condition and severity and may include:
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Lifestyle and dietary modifications
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Medications to reduce acid or improve motility
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Endoscopic procedures
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Minimally invasive or advanced surgical treatment when needed
When Should You See a Specialist?
If you experience persistent heartburn, difficulty swallowing, unexplained weight loss, or chest pain, early evaluation by a specialist is essential. Timely diagnosis can prevent complications and improve long-term outcomes.
